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Abstract:In this work, commercial 18650 lithium-ion cells with LiMn2O4, LiFePO4, and Li(Ni0.33Mn0.33Co0.33)O2 cathodes were exposed to external heating in an accelerating rate calorimeter (es-ARC, Thermal Hazard Technology (THT), Bletchley, UK), to investigate the thermal behavior under abuse conditions. New procedures for measuring the external and internal pressure change of cells were developed. The external pressure was measured utilizing a gas-tight cylinder inside the calorimeter chamber, in order to detect the venting of the cells. For internal pressure measurements, a pressure line connected to a pressure transducer was directly inserted into the cell. During the thermal runaway experiments, three stages (low rate, medium rate, and high rate reactions) were observed. Both the pressure and temperature change indicated different stages of exothermic reactions, which produced gases or/and heat. The onset temperature of the thermal runaway was estimated according to the temperature and pressure changes. Moreover, the different activation energies for the exothermic reactions could be derived from Arrhenius plots.Keywords: Li-ion cell; thermal runaway; accelerating rate calorimeter (ARC); pressure change
A full range of spares and consumables are available from our eshop arcspares.comLow Φ containers Designed by THT these low Φ containers are designed to enable accelerating rate calorimeter users to bridge the gap into the world of low-phi testing. These cells are available with several different fittings and can also be fitted with magnetic stir bars. Currently these containers are offered in stainless steel although other materials can be produced. Contact us for further details.
Burst disk unitTHT has designed this burst disk assembly, which is suitable for any accelerating rate calorimeter. Designed to sit above the calorimeter, this device enables the user to protect the system from cell ruptures. The user can fit a number of special burst disks which are designed to rupture at specific pressures and will cause the cell to rapidly discharge. Any liquid vented will be contained within the catch pot. This system is ideally used alongside low-phi containers and glass bombs
Abstract: LKB8700 precision titration calorimeter has been improved and equipped with a microcomputer in our laboratory, which can be operated conveniently and automatically. Error analysis of titration calorimetry suggests that experiments can be performed accurately. The improved and on-line calorimeter is especially suitable for investigation of oil-water-surfactant systems which are directly related to the enhanced oil recovery. The calorimetric system has been checked by means of measuring heat of dilution and heat of reaction of Tris (Trihydroxymethylaminomethane) with HCl. The result (-47.46 Jmol(-1)) obtained agrees well with the literature's value.
Biologging devices are frequently used to quantify behaviour and estimate the energy expenditure of free-roaming animals [5, 32, 33, 43]). In fact, the real importance of these devices is that they seemingly have the potential to examine the intimate details of animal lives remotely (e.g. [34, 44]), including measurements of aspects of the environment that the individuals experience [22]. It is therefore useful to think of these devices as an approach that allows easy access to the relationship between activity and power use. However, given the inherent complexities of measuring energy expenditure [5, 7], quantifying behaviour [45, 46] and the interactions between these and the environment, including the role of power in incline movement [25], superstrate [22]and thermal substitution [47], investigating and controlling for limitations in the method is clearly essential.
Terrain type affects behaviour and energy expenditure beyond just slope because, for example, whether the environment underfoot is more or less compliant changes the costs of locomotion [23, 59] (also demonstrated in humans cf. [60]). We were not able to correct for the effects of substrate compliancy in our two enclosures, which were tarmac and grass, but we note that Bidder et al. [59] measured an increase in \\({\\dot{\\text{V}}\\text{O}}_{2}\\) of 9.1% on tarmac and 17.7% on grass, compared to exercise on a treadmill in humans. This suggests estimates of energy expenditure using the treadmill might underestimate the true energy expenditure although this likely also depends on the precise elasticity of the treadmill substrate. For these reasons, we appreciate that our own estimates of energy expenditure of the freely roaming goats are unlikely to be particularly accurate but they are, we believe, a step towards a more refined approach and will help as part of the overall framework attempting to determine power use by animals operating in different energy landscapes [22].
Finally, activity levels, measured by the proportion of time predicted in active behaviours compared to inactivity, were higher in the first enclosure (A). Although activity levels may vary seasonally due to temperature [16, 61], temperature did not explain the proportion of time active observed in this study. It was accounted for by the enclosure, which may be linked to a seasonal shift in environmental conditions, as enclosure A was measured in summer, and enclosure B in winter. The energetic costs of thermoregulation may be moderated in colder temperatures due to heat produced through activity. The individuals in this study may not respond in the same way as free-living mammals, because our study animals had access to shelters which they could utilise resulting in lower energetic costs to thermoregulation. Ungulates living in seasonal environments may reduce their Tb to reduce the energetic costs of thermoregulation [16, 61], which is important to consider when estimating energetic costs of free-living animals. Although temperature was measured on the animal-attached devices, other environmental conditions that affect thermoregulation, such as wind speed and precipitation, were not taken into consideration.
To reduce the fire and explosion accident of dicumyl peroxide (DCP) in experiment and production, the thermal hazards of DCP and 40% mass content DCP in ethyl benzene (40% DCP) have been studied by the differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) and the accelerating rate calorimeter (ARC) in this paper. DSC experiment showed that ethyl benzene has no effect on the characteristic parameters of thermal decomposition of DCP, such as the temperature of the exothermic peak (Tpeak) and the decomposition energy (Ea), and the thermal decomposition reaction of 40% DCP followed the one-step reaction principle. ARC experiment showed that with the increase of inertia factor (Φ), the measured initial decomposition temperature (Ton) would be higher and the caculated Ea and pre-exponential factor (A) would be greater. It was also proved that after modification of Φ, TD24 was relatively consistent near Ton, but different at higher temperatures. Fisher's correction method was used to verify the necessity of consistency between experimental conditions and prediction conditions.
The validity of these analyses is naturally contingent upon the validity of the criterion measure, individually-calibrated combined sensing of heart rate and trunk acceleration. While it is not considered a gold-standard measurement of PAEE, this estimation method does have established validity of both intensity [13,14] and PAEE during free-living in the population used for the present evaluation [18], and to our knowledge this study currently represents the largest aggregation of simultaneous wrist acceleration and energy expenditure signals in free-living.
To confirm that the intended heat of reaction under loss of cooling/all-in addition conditions can raise the temperature of the reaction to a temperature where the secondary reactivity can initiate, adiabatic calorimetry is needed. Adiabatic testing using the vent sizing package (VSP2) and the accelerating rate calorimeter (ARC) of this reaction system will be the subject of the third article in this series.
In summary, the information gathered and illustrated using RC, DSC, and knowledge of the scaled-up process equipment definitively shows how important it is to control the intended heat of reaction in this epichlorohydrin hydrolysis process. Not only is there plenty of intended reaction energy to deal with, but there is also secondary polymerization/decomposition energy waiting to be initiated should the reaction runaway. While this reaction is easy to control in a laboratory reaction calorimeter via jacket cooling, just how easy is it to control at scale
In conclusion, we show that DBA is an effective measure of energy expenditure in a marine predator living in extreme conditions. Behaviour-specific metabolic rates can be estimated in free-ranging conditions over multiple media, meaning our calibration equations can be used to estimate behaviour-specific or total daily energy expenditure by deploying small accelerometers or time-depth recorders on Adélie penguins and probably other Pygoscelid penguins, like Chinstrap P. antarcticus and Gentoo P. papua, although the latter typically utilizes warmer temperature waters. The advantage of this calibration is that it was estimated over several days with a relatively large sample size, meaning the estimates are likely to be more representative and accurate than short-term calibrations8. Yet, using an accelerometry technique allows for both long- and short-term energy expenditure to be estimated in the wild17, as well as for relatively fine-scale behaviours, such as diving or preening. In particular, as previous studies of diving metabolic rate have produced equivocal results, by subdividing at-sea activity into separate behaviours, we were able to examine the differences in metabolic rate of diving and consequent surface time. Furthermore, this study calibrated accelerometry in the natural environment in which future uses of the estimates are most likely to be applied. 153554b96e
https://en.nuuuuz.com/group/lab-workshop-tour/discussion/85ed04f4-be97-4fbf-aa53-e30016228b0a