Indian Railway Bridge Manual

Indian Railway Bridge Manual ---> https://shurll.com/2tknJ8

Indian Railways which began the construction work on the new 2.05 km Pamban railway bridge in Mandapam, which will connect Rameswaram to the mainland in Tamil Nadu will be operational from March next year.

India is a nation rich in cultural heritage, as evidenced by its tourism industry. Presently, Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2019 (Lauren Uppink Calderwood Maksim Soshkin, 2019) gave 34th rank to India out of 136 countries overall for the Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index which led to an increase in transport capacity demand. To meet the necessity of tourism, the transportation capacity of the railways should also be increased either in terms of axle load capacity or, in terms of the frequency of the trains with increased speeds. Indian railway is one of the largest railway networks in the World. There are about 1,27,768 bridges available in India out of which 19,647 are masonry arch bridges (IRICEN, 2009). Further, many of these bridges were constructed pre-independence era which is still in service. Table 1 shows some important bridges present in India.

Kishen et al. (2013) conducted a field study and developed a numerical model under static loads. Moreover, the numerical simulations were performed to understand the response of the bridge for increased axle loads. De Santis and De Felice (2014) investigated the load-carrying capacity and safety factor for masonry arch bridge utilizing fiber beam based model approach. The study showed that the approach is reliable for understanding the limited parameters of the masonry arch bridge. Ataei et al. (2016) investigated the safety of an old railway masonry arch bridge, by conducting visual inspection and dynamic loading testing, and studied the possibility of increasing axle load of the bridge. The study concluded that the bridge can sustain higher axle loads. Ataei et al. (2017) investigated experimental and analytical natural frequencies for model verification of a masonry arch bridge. Using the calibrated model, the bridge was assessed for safety in serviceability and ultimate limit states due to the application of higher axle loads.

The present study assesses Bridge No. 541 of Kalka Shimla Mountain Railways for its serviceability for present-day loading as well as check the performance of the bridge for increased axle loads and increased speeds of the trains. For this purpose, a reliable FE model is developed and updated with the field results obtained from ambient vibration test (AVT) and operational modal analysis (OMA) of the bridge. The FE model update is performed by modifying the mechanical parameters of the stone masonry so that the dynamic response of the FE model can match with the field results in terms of natural frequency and mode shapes. At first, the developed model is utilized to study the serviceability of the bridge for present H Class Loading from a speed range of 10 kmph to 40 kmph. Further, the performance of the bridge is analysed for modified meter gauge loading for speeds between 10 kmph to 40 kmph. The results are compared with the indian railways codes and International codes for the safety limits in terms of deflection and acceleration values, respectively. Finally, conclusions are made regarding serviceability and performance of the bridge for increased axle loads as well as the critical speeds of the train on the bridge.

Bridge No. 541 is located near Kanoh railway station at an altitude of 1650 m from mean sea level. This bridge is the tallest bridge amongst all the bridges in Kalka Shimla mountain railways, having a total height of 23.8 m. The total length of the bridge is 52 m and situated at the reverse curve of 48º. The bridge is constructed as ashlar masonry of the limestone blocks joined with the lime mortar. The geometric details of Bridge No. 541 are given in Figure 1.

The study utilizes AVT for identification of the element present strength and reliability according to standards. There are various application of the AVT are available in the literature (Altunişik, Genç, Günaydin, Okur, & Karahasan, 2018; Aytulun, Soyoz, & Karcioglu, 2019; Bautista-De Castro, Sánchez-Aparicio, Carrasco-García, Ramos, & González-Aguilera, 2019; Di Lorenzo, Formisano, Krstevska, & Landolfo, 2019; Ozcelik, Yormaz, Amaddeo, Girgin, & Kahraman, 2019; Shimpi et al., 2019; Sun & Xu, 2020; Zonno, Aguilar, Boroschek, & Lourenço, 2019). In the presented study, the natural frequency and mode shape of Bridge No. 541, Kalka Shimla mountain railways was estimated. The field testing activities were performed to extract the modal parameters of the bridge and utilized for model update of the FE model developed in ABAQUS FE environment.

The numerical model of Bridge No. 541 of Kalka Shimla mountain railways is developed in ABAQUS FE environment. The developed model is based on macro model strategy as suggested in the literature for large stone masonry structures (Milani, Casolo, Naliato, & Tralli, 2012). This modelling technique is adopted due to its advantage for fast computational time over micro modelling strategy. As this study aims at the global response of the bridge due to the axle load, the local stress distribution between stone and mortar joint is not modelled. A homogenized model of the stone masonry is adopted for the assigning the material properties instead of modelling the stone mortar interface. The numerical model is developed based on the preliminary investigations conducted on the bridge. Firstly, visual inspection is performed on the bridge for locating damages. Then the measurements of the bridge are taken from the site for the different structural elements.

Abstract : The objective of this paper is to provide an automatic railway gate at a level crossing replacing the gates operated by the gatekeeper. It deals with two things. Firstly, it deals with the reduction of time for which the gate is being kept closed, and secondly, to provide safety to the road users by reducing the accidents. By the presently existing system once the train leaves the station, the stationmaster informs the gatekeeper about the arrival of the train through the telephone. Once the gatekeeper receives the information, the closes the gate depending on the timing at which the train arrives. Hence, if the train is late due to certain reasons, then gate remain closed for a long time causing traffic near the gates. By employing the automatic railway gate control at the level crossing the arrival of the train is detected by the sensor placed near to the gate. Hence, the time for which it is closed is less compared to the manually operated gates and also reduces the human labour. This type of gates can be employed in an unmanned level crossing where the chances of accidents are higher and reliable operation is required. Since, the operation is automatic; error due to manual operation is prevented. Automatic railway gate control is highly economical microcontroller based arrangement, designed for use in almost all the unmanned level crossings in the country. Keywords : Railyway gate; level crossing; unmaned; gate; microcontroller.

A level crossing occurs where a railway line is intersected by a road or path on one level, without recourse to a bridge or tunnel. It is a type of at grade intersection. The term also applies when a light rail line with separate right-of-way in reserved track crosses a road in the same fashion. Other names include railway crossing, railroad crossing, road through railroad, train crossing or grade crossing. Early level crossings had a lagman in a nearby booth who would, on the approach of a train, wave a red flag or lantern to stop alralic and clear the tracks. Manual or electrical closable gates that barricaded the roadway were later introduced. The gates were intended to be a complete barrier against instruction of any road traffic onto the railway. In the early days of the railways much road traffic was horse drawn or included livestock. It was thus necessary to provide a real barrier. Thus, crossing gates, when closed to road traffic, crossed the entire width of the road. When opened to allow road users to cross the line, the gates were swung across the width of the railway, preventing any

Railways being the cheapest mode of transportation are preferred over all the other means when we go through the daily news we come across many railway accidents occurring at unmanned railway crossings. This is mainly due to the carelessness in manual operations or lack of workers. We, in this paper have come up with a solution for the same. Using simple electronic components we have tried to automate the control of railway gates. As a train approaches the railway crossing from either side, the sensors placed at a certain distance from the gate detects the approaching train and accordingly controls the operation of the gate. Also an indicator light has been provided to alert the motorists about the approaching train. The two IR sensors are placed at left and right side of the railway gate. The distance between the two IR sensors is dependent on the length of the train. In general we have to consider the longest train in that route. Now we'll see how this circuit actually works in real time. we can see the real time representation of this paper. If the sensor I detects the arrival of the train, microcontroller starts the motor with the help of motor driver in order to close the gate. The gate remains closed as the train passes the crossing. When the train crosses the gate and reaches second sensor. It detects the train and the microcontroller will open the gate.

The proposed work has many major advantages it will reduce the accidents occurring at the railway level crossing, it will increase the accuracy and reduce errors occurring due to manual operations. It will reduce the collision of train and will also manage the route of a particular train to avoid any delay in reaching its destination. Train will always be on time at the station no delay will be caused which occurs in manual operation. Security can be implemented by placing tracker in the train in order to monitor the location of the train in case of any issue. Solar panels can be used to generate power for the system there by increasing the efficiency of the system. As the system is completely automated, it avoids manual errors and thus provides ultimate safety to road users. By this mechanism, presence of a gatekeeper is not necessary and automatic operation of the gate through the motor action is achieved. Microcontroller 8051 performs the complete operation i.e., sensing, gate closing and opening operation is done by software coding written for the controller. The mechanism works on a simple principle and there is not much of complexity needed in the circuit. Thus the automatic railway gate control using 8051 micro controller is work efficiently and its reduces the human work and time. This is the easy to control the railway gate operation and it reduces the occurrence of faults. 59ce067264

https://www.gigaroxx.com/forum/business-forum/download-syberia-siberia-pc-game-2002