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It is critically important to manufacture materials resistive to the aggressive operating environment [35,36,37,38] to avoid microstructure degradation [39,40,41,42]. Therefore, along with strength and tribology tests of materials as the most popular methods for diagnosing their load-bearing capacity, the indentation test, known as the simplest mechanical method [39,43], is widely used. This method is more microstructurally sensitive as compared to the above-mentioned ones and allows for estimating the crack growth resistance of materials [40,44]. Fracture toughness tests employing various specimen shapes and loading schemes are also quite microstructurally sensitive [40,44,45]. Therefore, the application of microhardness and crack growth resistance test methods for diagnostics of the microstructure stability of YSZ ceramics is promising in terms of searching for the optimal sintering and treatment modes.

Along with microhardness, the fracture toughness of material was estimated by to calculating the critical stress intensity factor (SIF), KIc. This characteristic made it possible to characterize the propensity of a material to brittle fracture due to the nucleation and propagation of cracks [48,49,50]. There exists a wide range of methods for estimating the fracture toughness of materials under Vickers pyramid indentation [42,51,52]. In these works, the formulas for calculating the KIc values contain both physical and mechanical parameters, as well as empirical coefficients. Due to the comparison of the KIc values calculated by these formulas with those obtained by conventional methods of fracture mechanics, we recently concluded [53] that the following formula presented by the authors of the work [51] best fits the characterization of the ZrO2-Y2O3 ceramics:

On the contrary, another pattern of calculated critical SIF KIc values using the SENB method was obtained (Figure 5b). Significantly higher fracture toughness of 7YSZ ceramics as compared to 6YSZ and 8YSZ (by 15% and 46%, respectively) was found. This ambiguous behavior of the material is evidence showing that the sintering temperature of about 1550 °C is critical in the microstructure formation process. Such an ambiguity during the estimation of fracture toughness of material by two different methods showed that the t-m transition that occurred in the crack tip vicinity of a notched beam specimen is more pronounced than in the case of the Vickers pyramid indentation. In contrast, no appropriate conditions were available for enhancing the fracture toughness of 8YSZ ceramics, and the reason for that was a lower percentage of m-ZrO2 and, especially, c-ZrO2.

For material sintered at 1600 °C, the t-m transformation dynamics are less pronounced. In this case, mainly t-ZrO2 by its strength, without the contribution from the t-m transformation, provides the achieved level of crack growth resistance (Figure 5a) which is reflected in the close values of fracture toughness of 6YSZ, 7YSZ, and 8YSZ ceramics at such same close values of microhardness for these material variants. 2b1af7f3a8